{"data":{"text":"

高中生物选必二

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生物与环境的相互关系（核心模块，对应教材主线内容）

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种群的特征与数量变化（种群层面核心知识点）

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种群的数量特征（描述种群状态的量化指标）

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种群密度（Population Density，单位空间内个体数量）

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调查方法

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样方法（适用于植物、活动能力弱的动物）

","uid":"25040489-4c05-42b5-a60c-2b0bfbb6070d","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]},{"data":{"text":"

标记重捕法（适用于活动能力强的动物）

","uid":"b60ed841-d1f1-4b1e-924d-3be45b6641c1","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]},{"data":{"text":"

黑光灯诱捕法（适用于趋光性昆虫）

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出生率与死亡率（决定种群数量变化的直接因素）

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迁入率与迁出率（影响开放种群数量的直接因素）

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年龄结构（预测种群数量变化趋势的依据）

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增长型（幼年个体多，种群将增长）

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稳定型（各年龄比例适中，数量相对稳定）

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衰退型（老年个体多，种群将衰退）

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性别比例（通过影响出生率间接影响种群数量）

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种群的数量变化模型

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种群增长的“J”型曲线（理想条件下的增长模式）

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形成条件

","uid":"f237e200-fbe1-4bdf-975b-6ef9f1d58288","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

食物、空间充足，气候适宜，无天敌

","uid":"cccbb3c7-c5be-441e-b016-821b4ecfd4ac","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]},{"data":{"text":"

特点

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增长率保持稳定，无K值

","uid":"75bfb9bb-03c7-4083-b2dc-8365c3da6e8d","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]}]},{"data":{"text":"

种群增长的“S”型曲线（资源有限条件下的增长模式）

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形成条件

","uid":"09e4b61f-0eff-4603-bb71-776e0bf19655","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

资源、空间有限，存在种内竞争和天敌

","uid":"3d053711-b911-40ed-b267-8ae3652781d2","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]},{"data":{"text":"

特点

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存在环境容纳量K值，增长速率先升后降

","uid":"229ede29-185d-41cd-a67c-285bda0fb1bb","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]}]},{"data":{"text":"

K值的应用（生产实践中的指导方法）

","uid":"5ceeb150-69b5-4362-bb48-d586074484d7","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

保护濒危动物：改善环境提高K值

","uid":"bb3b2d0d-0b18-443f-ac5c-d42e2a6311ed","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]},{"data":{"text":"

防治有害生物：降低环境容纳量控制其数量

","uid":"c8fa9c63-aa55-4ac1-af75-555c9f877812","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"data":{"text":"

群落的结构与演替（群落层面核心知识点）

","uid":"318acb60-455b-4edc-bd41-58ca41f30333","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

群落的物种组成（区分不同群落的重要特征）

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丰富度（Richness，群落中物种数目的多少）

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优势种（对群落结构和功能起决定性作用的物种）

","uid":"8e012b45-8316-443b-9b5f-b2729a8716e6","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]},{"data":{"text":"

群落的种间关系（不同物种之间的相互作用）

","uid":"dc69928b-3c8c-469d-9ef0-730c2a6abe0b","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

原始合作（两种生物共同生活，分开也可存活）

","uid":"89c2e516-576e-4402-94f9-12b5b1c5ef60","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]},{"data":{"text":"

互利共生（两种生物相互依存，彼此有利）

","uid":"a837aefc-d8d4-4d34-ac33-f9500ab4b630","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]},{"data":{"text":"

捕食（一种生物以另一种生物为食的关系）

","uid":"cac21242-1444-4186-b679-5d66dbf8f17c","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]},{"data":{"text":"

种间竞争（两种生物争夺资源、空间的关系）

","uid":"12cb9106-2f38-4fc4-a355-ed37c19877d3","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]},{"data":{"text":"

寄生（一种生物寄居在另一种生物体表或体内获取营养）

","uid":"313c36d6-5ac1-4b9b-9549-b96958583d80","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]},{"data":{"text":"

群落的空间结构（群落中生物的空间配置状态）

","uid":"b70ba5ff-7fcb-43e6-82f2-9d0becf9cb6a","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

垂直结构（群落在垂直方向上的分层现象）

","uid":"050af4d8-1e85-4002-bcef-1559890426eb","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

植物分层：受光照强度影响，提高光能利用率

","uid":"e41215e2-d5d0-4a3d-be21-2fa17466565d","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]},{"data":{"text":"

动物分层：受栖息空间和食物条件影响

","uid":"a7ab4709-68bc-4c1b-98ff-d60c7c7127e2","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]},{"data":{"text":"

水平结构（群落在水平方向上的镶嵌分布）

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影响因素：地形变化、土壤湿度、盐碱度差异

","uid":"c91f5261-5a25-4d16-9fa6-65d3689f28a1","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]}]},{"data":{"text":"

群落的演替（群落随时间推移的动态变化）

","uid":"0ad2d2b0-ad3e-48a7-818f-2105e1e532ba","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

初生演替（从未有过植被覆盖的裸地上开始的演替）

","uid":"757e9dc2-c53f-4a2d-b020-e8c850bff84c","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

实例

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裸岩、沙丘、火山岩上的演替

","uid":"6bd663fa-bf5d-4a41-af33-a1408fd649a7","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]},{"data":{"text":"

过程

","uid":"40f99a3c-b627-4e9a-9da1-9ec9261bc4d1","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

裸岩阶段→地衣阶段→苔藓阶段→草本植物阶段→灌木阶段→乔木阶段

","uid":"e1ffc76d-aeb5-43b1-ac73-c882d9dffddd","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]}]},{"data":{"text":"

次生演替（原有植被消失但土壤条件保留的地方的演替）

","uid":"210f327c-bf59-4a83-b5ba-15fad6af8fa8","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

实例

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火灾后的草原、弃耕的农田上的演替

","uid":"c2ca3b12-b805-41ff-a83d-c2a7664a1fbd","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]}]},{"data":{"text":"

人类活动对演替的影响

","uid":"d56ce515-cc57-47f9-988c-dcf0e2a4116c","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

改变演替的速度和方向，可使演替偏离自然进程

","uid":"f916359a-bafe-4bc9-a628-d7f0a1ccfa4e","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]}]}]}]},{"data":{"text":"

生态系统的结构与功能（生态系统层面核心知识点）

","uid":"a6b1ccc0-0ab9-4c8c-bc07-744bb12571fc","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

生态系统的结构（生态系统的组成和营养结构）

","uid":"83d2e0ad-f2dc-4cfa-8ebd-2a9ffacfdd27","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

生态系统的组成成分

","uid":"9fdf04bf-9533-4776-97a6-0c1fd6eea41c","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

非生物的物质和能量（阳光、水、空气、无机盐等）

","uid":"41642951-1f37-462b-ba03-16c0008ca1c3","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]},{"data":{"text":"

生产者（自养生物，生态系统的基石）

","uid":"de95c412-14ae-45d0-a8db-7de5a8d42767","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

主要是绿色植物，还有化能合成细菌

","uid":"5e6a1a93-db24-4c60-ad40-9f5884e6fdf3","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]},{"data":{"text":"

消费者（异养生物，加快物质循环，帮助传粉和种子传播）

","uid":"bb8f760b-f1de-43fa-a038-a8ced39171c5","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

包括植食性动物、肉食性动物、杂食性动物、寄生生物

","uid":"da7c16a3-c24c-4464-8651-79babc82d909","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]},{"data":{"text":"

分解者（异养生物，将动植物遗体残骸分解为无机物）

","uid":"85b233ca-e5fe-4a40-882a-7cb355aabb6d","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

主要是腐生细菌和真菌，还有腐食动物

","uid":"b9b00885-c6a7-42e8-a3d7-564b193cc8f3","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]}]},{"data":{"text":"

生态系统的营养结构

","uid":"e067b7d8-98d9-4da7-9da3-b67aebc6a549","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

食物链（Food Chain，生物之间通过捕食关系形成的链状结构）

","uid":"737899dd-191c-46e4-92cf-32ade52dd486","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

起点是生产者，终点是最高级消费者，不包含分解者

","uid":"3192441d-3b23-4633-a3b8-edefaf0bfc39","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]},{"data":{"text":"

食物网（Food Web，多条食物链相互交错形成的复杂结构）

","uid":"a4522901-c3d2-402c-99c7-a838a311698f","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

营养级越高，生物可利用的能量越少，数量通常越少

","uid":"ffe2592e-daf6-47c5-b93b-0134606b1826","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"data":{"text":"

生态系统的三大功能（生态系统运行的核心机制）

","uid":"82c5940e-ed4e-4a69-b89f-1c78210bf85b","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

能量流动（Energy Flow，生态系统中能量的输入、传递、转化、散失过程）

","uid":"280040f8-84e1-477f-b833-ba0670fe03ef","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

能量流动的过程

","uid":"b87e661d-885d-450a-b4c5-6ff28527d74d","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

输入

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主要来自生产者固定的太阳能总量

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传递

","uid":"1eeaa790-7e6d-4a88-905c-578731f1d530","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

沿食物链、食物网从低营养级流向高营养级

","uid":"eb705df6-9e0a-4b15-9234-0a0ab129ebf5","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]},{"data":{"text":"

转化与散失

","uid":"d5d8f5af-8368-444b-9c22-cf0873c60b6e","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

各营养级通过呼吸作用以热能形式散失能量

","uid":"d159f1f8-9c3f-4bca-9218-8e3a46aef261","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]}]},{"data":{"text":"

能量流动的特点

","uid":"218219fb-e88a-4e60-b201-80131880d164","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

单向流动

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只能从低营养级流向高营养级，不可逆转

","uid":"8ba0741f-64b9-43f7-aff4-a83b73933fd2","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]},{"data":{"text":"

逐级递减

","uid":"ac3bad85-3961-4af9-8728-c5c5afc6e55d","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

相邻营养级间能量传递效率约10%~20%

","uid":"9b4c8931-10ca-4cc9-9285-6c52d845499b","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]}]},{"data":{"text":"

能量流动的实践意义

","uid":"22f03c0e-b868-456a-b28c-319c6623b173","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

帮助人们合理调整能量流动关系，使能量流向对人类最有益的部分

","uid":"d6e187de-8135-4523-87d0-191e09f11a54","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]},{"data":{"text":"

实现能量的多级利用，提高能量利用率

","uid":"07dd3d03-3046-422e-8493-5351eccbb9af","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]}]},{"data":{"text":"

物质循环（Material Cycle，组成生物体的元素在生物群落与非生物环境间的循环）

","uid":"fb1fafb1-31ab-49a5-a4cb-28de7f27fc49","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

碳循环（Carbon Cycle，最具代表性的物质循环）

","uid":"4b5665ed-cc63-4dcb-b9f7-7d264247cc3d","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

循环形式

","uid":"fd3536d1-a374-427d-8054-b0e1e86f6108","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

生物群落与非生物环境间以CO₂形式循环

","uid":"0fb4c407-190e-4f3b-adc4-a031604b0bcc","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]},{"data":{"text":"

生物群落内部以含碳有机物形式传递

","uid":"9b146070-c9d4-4223-b2ae-67639caed558","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]},{"data":{"text":"

失衡危害

","uid":"aeb4bc68-12a4-4b7d-930a-8c6550c2f22a","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

大气中CO₂含量升高导致温室效应

","uid":"f4f8a8a1-0ca5-4ad1-8c89-e4d6bfdf43f5","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]}]},{"data":{"text":"

物质循环的特点

","uid":"6a3f69d6-f971-4b87-ae09-44dc4fa445ba","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

全球性，可被生物群落反复利用

","uid":"aa0b16c5-eb1d-4bca-9290-f7e73594877f","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]},{"data":{"text":"

物质循环与能量流动的关系

","uid":"98cb5493-365f-4585-97dc-80b9870a43d6","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

能量是物质循环的动力，物质是能量流动的载体，二者同时进行不可分割

","uid":"100c0e12-e66d-4f7b-b278-812b98f358f8","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]}]},{"data":{"text":"

信息传递（Information Transfer，生态系统中信息的传递与调节作用）

","uid":"f25ce930-ff1a-4ef3-ade9-a492e20bf38c","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

信息的种类

","uid":"14c46b69-db70-48b8-b08f-9b48f8b33a53","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

物理信息

","uid":"38fa5686-82bb-4eb1-a6fd-a8d7e226c72c","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

光、声、温度、湿度、磁力等，可来自生物或环境

","uid":"cb5b9e1a-d610-4e49-b0e2-43c1eac9af7d","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]},{"data":{"text":"

化学信息

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植物的生物碱、有机酸，动物的性外激素等化学物质

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行为信息

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动物的特殊行为，向同种或异种生物传递信息

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信息传递的作用

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维持生命活动的正常进行，如蝙蝠的回声定位

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有利于生物种群的繁衍，如昆虫交尾的信息传递

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调节生物的种间关系，维持生态系统的稳定

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生态系统的稳定性（生态系统维持相对稳定的能力）

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稳定性的类型

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抵抗力稳定性（抵抗外界干扰、保持自身结构功能不受损的能力）

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生态系统组分越多、食物网越复杂，抵抗力稳定性越高

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恢复力稳定性（受到破坏后恢复到原状的能力）

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通常与抵抗力稳定性呈负相关，结构简单的生态系统恢复力更强

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稳定性的基础

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负反馈调节（Negative Feedback Regulation，生态系统自我调节的核心机制）

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提高生态系统稳定性的措施

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控制对生态系统的干扰强度，不超过其自我调节能力

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对人类利用强度大的生态系统，给予相应的物质、能量投入

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生态环境的保护（应用层面核心知识点）

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人类活动对生态环境的影响

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全球性生态环境问题

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全球气候变化、水资源短缺、臭氧层破坏、酸雨、土地荒漠化、海洋污染、生物多样性丧失

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生态足迹（Ecological Footprint，维持人类生存所需的生产资源和吸纳废物的土地及水域面积）

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生态足迹越大，人类对生态环境的压力越大

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生物多样性及其保护

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生物多样性的层次

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遗传多样性（基因多样性，同种生物不同个体的基因差异）

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物种多样性（生物圈内物种的丰富程度）

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生态系统多样性（生态系统类型、结构功能的多样性）

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生物多样性的价值

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直接价值

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食用、药用、工业原料、旅游观赏、科学研究等实用价值

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间接价值

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调节气候、涵养水源、保持水土等生态服务功能

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潜在价值

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目前人类尚不清楚的未来可利用的价值

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生物多样性的保护措施

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就地保护

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建立自然保护区、国家公园，是最有效的保护措施

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易地保护

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建立植物园、动物园、濒危动植物繁育中心，为濒危物种提供最后生存机会

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其他措施

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建立精子库、种子库保护遗传资源，加强立法、执法和宣传教育

","uid":"4007819f-98f2-4278-a4d1-3847d0a108e0","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"data":{"text":"

生态工程（实现人与自然和谐发展的工程手段）

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生态工程的基本原理

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自生、循环、协调、整体四大原理，兼顾生态、经济、社会效益

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生态工程的实例

","uid":"4dc44cec-0985-4ac6-8948-86de9e84cfae","richText":true,"expand":true,"isActive":false},"children":[{"data":{"text":"

农村综合发展型生态工程、湿地生态恢复工程、矿区废弃地生态恢复工程

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